設(shè)計(jì)的言、象、意
成執(zhí)設(shè)計(jì)作為本屆美國(guó)IDA 大獎(jiǎng)(International Design Awards)建筑類(lèi)年度最佳設(shè)計(jì)和商業(yè)類(lèi)金獎(jiǎng)得主，近日主辦方對(duì)成執(zhí)設(shè)計(jì)創(chuàng)始人、總建筑師李杰先生進(jìn)行了專訪。
01
人們叫您設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)軍人，您為什么覺(jué)得能夠獲得這個(gè)稱號(hào)？
People call you a design hero, why do you think you earned this title?
得知獲得這個(gè)獎(jiǎng)，對(duì)于中國(guó)本土設(shè)計(jì)師的我來(lái)說(shuō)深感榮耀，由于多年對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)的堅(jiān)持不懈，及評(píng)委會(huì)睿智和公正的評(píng)價(jià)，才能得到如此褒獎(jiǎng)。這個(gè)項(xiàng)目從木材的物質(zhì)層面出發(fā)，提取傳統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)形式，進(jìn)行尺度重構(gòu)，從而構(gòu)筑成“前衛(wèi)”的建筑，象征著中國(guó)現(xiàn)代木構(gòu)建筑的興起與發(fā)展。
Winning the IDA Awards is a great honor for a native Chinese designer, and I’d like to attribute this honor to my unwavering devotion to design for all these years, and also to the wise and impartial IDA committee. The winning project leverages the material qualities of wood, draws on traditional architectural structures and forms, and resets dimensions, thereby fashioning an “avant-garde” work that represents the rise and development of modern Chinese wood architecture.
02
您是如何發(fā)現(xiàn)您想要從事建筑設(shè)計(jì)的？請(qǐng)您談?wù)劷ㄖI(lǐng)域在中國(guó)近幾年的發(fā)展。
How did you discover that you wanted to work with design and architecture, and how do you feel this field has developed in China over the years?
近幾十年，中國(guó)成為了全球最大的“設(shè)計(jì)舞臺(tái)”與“建造工廠”，推動(dòng)著本土創(chuàng)作的迅猛前進(jìn)前進(jìn)，一日千里。建筑設(shè)計(jì)需要考慮的問(wèn)題包括功能性、科學(xué)性、經(jīng)濟(jì)性、真實(shí)性、社會(huì)性等眾多方面，受到的限制不計(jì)其數(shù)，在這些限制下還能完成一個(gè)建筑精品這是對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)師的極大考驗(yàn)及挑戰(zhàn)。在經(jīng)過(guò)多年的探索和磨煉后，我的創(chuàng)作有了更多的前進(jìn)方向，也希望人們能感受得到建筑背后的文明與文化，以及呈現(xiàn)其間的世界觀和價(jià)值觀，為城市的繁榮與發(fā)展添上濃墨重彩的一筆。
In recent decades, China has become the largest “stage for design” and “manufacturing factory” across the globe, and that has propelled its native creativity forward at an overwhelmingly high speed. Architectural design has to consider multiple factors such as functionality, scientific rigor, economic concerns, authenticity and social nature. Bound by a myriad of fetters and chains, designers may find it a supreme test and huge challenge to finally produce an outstanding work. For me, years of exploration and practice have occasioned more possibilities for my architectural pursuits, through which I hope to lead people into the depth of civilization and culture behind architecture, illuminating its underlying worldviews and values, and making a marked contribution to the prosperity and development of cities.
03
您出生并成長(zhǎng)在中國(guó)，畢業(yè)于南昌大學(xué)。設(shè)計(jì)這條路容易嗎？您是如何發(fā)揮內(nèi)在創(chuàng)造力的？
You were born and raised in China, graduating from Nanchang University. Was it easy to pursue your chosen path in design and explore your inner creativity?
如我之前所述，設(shè)計(jì)總是一條蜿蜒曲折的道路。在學(xué)校中我們能受到基礎(chǔ)的教育，離開(kāi)學(xué)校后，需要時(shí)間的沉淀與對(duì)世界的深度思索。建筑是文化的軀體，文化是建筑的精髓。世界是日新月異的，但現(xiàn)代建筑是對(duì)于地域文化的理解和表達(dá)，需要從自然要素與人文要素綜合作用中提取元素，如氣候、資源、習(xí)俗等，設(shè)計(jì)是對(duì)這些要素抽象化的領(lǐng)悟與意境化的創(chuàng)造。
As I said earlier, design is a path full of twists and turns. At school, we receive an education on the basics. After graduation, we need time to learn more and must also engage in deep thinking. Architecture is a body in which culture lives as the soul. Despite the drastic changes happening every day, modern architecture securely hangs on to regional cultures by trying to understand and represent them. It is an abstract conclusion extracted from all the natural and cultural elements of a region, such as its climate, resources and customs, and it is a world of images that conveys profound meaning.
04
由貴公司設(shè)計(jì)并獲獎(jiǎng)的原麓社區(qū)中心是非常有藝術(shù)價(jià)值的項(xiàng)目，您認(rèn)為最主要的優(yōu)勢(shì)是什么？
Your winning project, the Yuanlu Community Center in Chongqing, is a wonderful work of art. What would you say are its main strengths?
這個(gè)項(xiàng)目最主要的是體現(xiàn)了建筑空間與哲學(xué)反思之間的聯(lián)系。我們塑造的是建筑的真實(shí)性，認(rèn)為美學(xué)樂(lè)趣不是感官上直接反映的樂(lè)趣，而是依附于思考過(guò)程并受其影響的。這就是我們所說(shuō)的建筑理性與建筑美學(xué)的哲學(xué)思考。由于“木構(gòu)”蘊(yùn)含的傳統(tǒng)特質(zhì)，給予了設(shè)計(jì)更多的可能性。從建筑與自然的關(guān)系和人文環(huán)境的連接出發(fā)，根植于木材的物質(zhì)性和文化意涵，塑造出木構(gòu)架空間有序的邏輯性和真實(shí)性，以求達(dá)到建筑、自然和文脈的和諧共生。設(shè)計(jì)施工一體化，體現(xiàn)了我們對(duì)于建筑與技術(shù)的關(guān)系全新的思考。運(yùn)用參數(shù)化設(shè)計(jì)和BIM等先進(jìn)技術(shù)快速建造的同時(shí)，更是為了服務(wù)“木構(gòu)”的設(shè)計(jì)表達(dá)，強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)自然的尊重和其背后的人文情懷。
This project mainly reflects the links between architectural space and philosophical thinking. We are careful to make our architecture authentic, and we think that the enjoyment of beauty is not directly felt by the senses, but rather is something dependent on and influenced by thinking. That is what we call a philosophical perspective on the relationship between architectural rationality and architectural aesthetics. The traditional traits of the wood structure make diversified designs possible. Based on the links between architecture and its natural and cultural surroundings, this project, by leveraging the material qualities and cultural connotations of wood, manages to achieve an orderly logic and authenticity in the wooden frame, and thus harmoniously combines architecture, nature and culture.
05
您在規(guī)劃社區(qū)中心時(shí)最重要的是什么？遇到的最大挑戰(zhàn)是什么？
What was most important for you when planning the community center, and what were the biggest challenges you faced in this project?
項(xiàng)目毗鄰重慶龍興古鎮(zhèn)，御臨河邊，遠(yuǎn)山起伏，東側(cè)的景觀最佳。作為對(duì)環(huán)境的回應(yīng)，細(xì)化了御臨河的景觀條件，將三個(gè)體量不同的盒子并列置于山坡上，垂直于濱河道路，以期達(dá)到濱河景觀及遠(yuǎn)山的最佳觀賞視角。這里的縫隙不同于前者水平向上的手法，而是在垂直方向進(jìn)行了突破。形體結(jié)合山坡地勢(shì)錯(cuò)落有致地排列，形成一個(gè)個(gè)庭院與天井，像是不同大小的縫隙，在獲得建筑內(nèi)部領(lǐng)域感的同時(shí)，也將建筑向自然打開(kāi)，塑造出場(chǎng)所內(nèi)外的鄰接性和開(kāi)放性。建筑的真實(shí)性是此項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)的哲學(xué)理念也是最大的挑戰(zhàn)。
空間與材料、結(jié)構(gòu)密不可分，空間是由構(gòu)件組成，我們選用膠合木結(jié)構(gòu)創(chuàng)造了高度超過(guò)10m,跨度超過(guò)16m的大胯空間，在秩序感、韻律感中蘊(yùn)含著空間的張力。表皮依附于建筑的結(jié)構(gòu)形式，將內(nèi)域外連貫成為一個(gè)整體。在鋁板表皮的設(shè)計(jì)中，我們通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)每塊鋁板的折角變化，讓光線的明和暗躍然“板”上，體現(xiàn)出自然的變化，從而建筑的結(jié)構(gòu)、表皮與環(huán)境形成真實(shí)并和諧的狀態(tài)。
The project neighbors the ancient town of Longxing in Chongqing. It borders the Yulin River and mirrors the distant rolling hills. Its eastern side commands the best view. As a response to the topography around the Yulin River, the project is divided between three box-like buildings of different sizes, which are arranged side by side along the slope and perpendicular to the road along the Yulin River, so as to gain a perfect view of the riverside landscapes and the distant hills. The interstices don’t run horizontally. Instead, they are distributed vertically, fitting into the topography of the slope and neatly formulating sequential interstitial courtyards and patios. It seems as if the various-sized interstices, while claiming a territory inside the architecture, are also opening it to nature, and thus connecting the inside and the outside in an open spirit. The entire project is in pursuit of a “philosophy of authenticity,” which is also its biggest challenge.
Space is inseparable from materials and structure, and is composed of building components. In this project we used glulam to create large spaces that extend over 10 meters high and 16 meters wide. Within the orderliness and rhythm there is also spatial tension. The exterior of the architecture, adapting to its structural form, unites the warping surfaces into a whole. When designing aluminum plates for the skin, we made sure the angles of each plate were well adjusted, so as to allow even the minutest changes of light to be captured by the “plates” and thus reflecting the changes of nature. In that manner the structure of the architecture, its surface and its surroundings manage to achieve an authentic, harmonious co-existence.
06
獲得IDA年度最佳建筑設(shè)計(jì)獎(jiǎng)對(duì)您意味著什么？
What does this recognition of winning the IDA Architectural Design of the Year mean to you?
人對(duì)美的需求是一致的，好的設(shè)計(jì)是大家都喜歡的，是無(wú)邊界的。人的使用是一切建筑的最高精神價(jià)值，人們將自身的行為活動(dòng)參與到建筑中，與建筑融合交織在一起，共同形成了一個(gè)生動(dòng)而又具有活力的“建筑場(chǎng)”，是真實(shí)建筑文化與藝術(shù)價(jià)值的最高體現(xiàn)。建筑師在設(shè)計(jì)中起到了主導(dǎo)作用，得獎(jiǎng)意味著評(píng)委會(huì)對(duì)于文化與藝術(shù)完美融合的認(rèn)可。
Beauty appeals to all human beings alike. A good design pleases everyone and is border-free. Being used by people is the highest spiritual value any building can create. When human beings live or work in a building, they merge into and get intertwined with it. There then comes a jointly built, lively and energetic architectural place, which displays the authentic value of architectural culture and art to the utmost. Designers always play the leading role in architecture, and this IDA award indicates that the committee has recognized our effort to combine culture and art.
重慶是一個(gè)巨大的大都市，但人們對(duì)它的了解比北京或上海要少。這個(gè)城市的氛圍是什么樣的？原麓社區(qū)中心是如何融入這個(gè)環(huán)境的？
Chongqing is a huge metropolis, but people know less about it than, say, Beijing or Shanghai. What is the atmosphere in this city and how does the Yuanlu Community Center fit into this environment?
重慶位于中國(guó)西南區(qū)域，城市空間的特點(diǎn)一是山地城市，二是組團(tuán)城市，三是有著傳奇巴渝傳統(tǒng)、近代風(fēng)云留跡和當(dāng)代高速發(fā)展的歷時(shí)的豐富文化內(nèi)含。在城市中心、副中心、濱江帶、片區(qū)、社區(qū)或街區(qū)、近郊中的文化要素與單元的空間分布，體現(xiàn)出不同的文化特征。
建筑是一種媒介，連接著建筑與人，聯(lián)系著傳統(tǒng)與現(xiàn)代。重慶書(shū)院眾多，書(shū)院是中國(guó)文化的根，從規(guī)劃的角度我們以現(xiàn)代的手法打造了圍合的書(shū)院。利用重慶傳統(tǒng)的折坡屋頂秩序的形式語(yǔ)言轉(zhuǎn)換成為建筑形體，抽取變化的單元模式轉(zhuǎn)為結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件，多片構(gòu)件以秩序和變化進(jìn)行排列組合。在陽(yáng)光下，凜冽的金屬質(zhì)感與似有生命的木結(jié)構(gòu)共同構(gòu)筑了建筑對(duì)話的舞臺(tái)。木材、鋼材、鋁板和玻璃迸發(fā)出強(qiáng)烈的對(duì)峙張力，而連接文化環(huán)境的木構(gòu)架暗示著傳統(tǒng)的空間架構(gòu)、曾經(jīng)的真實(shí)和時(shí)間的流逝，虛實(shí)結(jié)合、現(xiàn)代感與傳統(tǒng)特質(zhì)交相輝映。
Chongqing is a city in Southwest China. It is known by three characteristics: its mountainous topography, its clustered arrangement, and its rich cultural connotation that exudes from its legendary regional traditions, a lingering vestige of modern turmoil and the notable present-day prosperity. The spatial distribution of its cultural elements and units varies between its downtown, sub-downtown, riverside areas, districts, communities (or blocks) and suburbs, presenting different cultural characteristics.
Architecture serves as a medium between the art of building and human, between the traditional and the modern world. Academies of classical learning — the root of traditional Chinese culture — abound in Chongqing. In our planning we used modern techniques to create an enclosed academy by leveraging the typical sloped roofs found throughout Chongqing design, selecting several apartment buildings as a sample for its structural components and introducing a rich spatial character that appropriately integrates orderliness and variability. The hard metal and the invigorated wood structures in the sunlight seem to together formulate a stage for architectural dialogue. While the wood, steel, aluminum plates and glass break out into a tense confrontation, the wood frame, which connects to culture, implies the traditional spatial structure, authenticity echoing the past, and the passage of time. There is a combination of reality and fantasy, as well as an interaction between the modern and traditional worlds.
△ 成執(zhí)設(shè)計(jì)重慶部分建成項(xiàng)目
08
成執(zhí)設(shè)計(jì)的理念是什么？你在哪里從工作中獲得動(dòng)力和靈感？你如何決定參加某些項(xiàng)目？
What is the philosophy of your company, Challenge Design? Where do you get motivation and inspiration for your work, and how do you decide to take on certain projects?
成執(zhí)設(shè)計(jì)立足“設(shè)計(jì)本身”，探討空間內(nèi)在深層的體驗(yàn)性與真實(shí)性，創(chuàng)造出空間多重發(fā)展的可能性，并表達(dá)出文化內(nèi)涵的豐富性及時(shí)代語(yǔ)言的精神性。很多時(shí)候?qū)υO(shè)計(jì)的靈感來(lái)源于對(duì)真實(shí)世界的觀察與探索，借用中國(guó)古典哲學(xué)理論將其歸納為“言、象、意”三個(gè)層次，三者遵循著“得象忘言，得意忘象”的哲學(xué)規(guī)律。將這些再注入空間中，使建筑有體量、有明暗、有光影、有方向。
Challenge Design focuses on design itself, and it explores the experiences in and the authenticity of the inner, deeper layers of spaces. It digs into the possibilities for manifold spatial development, and it tries to enrich the cultural connotation of architecture while conveying the spirit of the times. Our designs are often inspired by our perception of and explorations of the real world. We borrowed three terms from Chinese classical philosophy — “words, images and ideas” — and a philosophical law that reads, “Obtaining the idea lies in forgetting the image, and obtaining the image lies in forgetting words.” Then we applied this to the construction of our space to make sure our work was appropriate in size, brightness, visual effect and angling.
△ 原麓社區(qū)設(shè)計(jì)手稿
09
您認(rèn)為現(xiàn)在職業(yè)生涯中最大的挑戰(zhàn)和機(jī)遇是什么？
What do you think are the biggest challenges and opportunities in your career now?
從宏觀上講，建筑承載城市功能，表達(dá)城市文化，推動(dòng)城市經(jīng)濟(jì)。建筑既要保證城市公共空間的界面連續(xù)與完整又要保證尺度協(xié)調(diào)和氛圍融洽，諸多要素的綜合調(diào)度是建筑師在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)的難點(diǎn)，是個(gè)不斷發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題并解決問(wèn)題的過(guò)程。
現(xiàn)在中國(guó)建筑創(chuàng)作進(jìn)入了一個(gè)大規(guī)模、全類(lèi)型、高速發(fā)展的時(shí)期，這使得本土建筑師有更大的創(chuàng)作舞臺(tái)，也獲得了國(guó)際上的認(rèn)可，這樣能更有效的激發(fā)我們建筑師的創(chuàng)作熱情，大量?jī)?yōu)秀的建筑作品應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。像原麓社區(qū)這類(lèi)先鋒的建筑作品，他的存在雖并非主流，但有了這些探索，中國(guó)建筑創(chuàng)作才有了前進(jìn)的方向。
Seen from a macro perspective, architecture carries urban functions, expresses urban culture and boosts urban economic development. It must ensure the continuity and completeness of the surfaces of urban spaces, coordinate their dimensions and harmoniously fit into the overall atmosphere. To handle multiple elements at the same time is a conundrum for designers, but it is also a process of continuously discovering and solving problems.
Currently, Chinese architecture is witnessing a moment of large-scale, all-encompassing, high-speed development. This provides a stage for native Chinese architects to create and win more international recognition. Their enthusiasm for design is thus effectively ignited, and they produce a large number of outstanding architectural works. Avant-garde works like the Yuanlu Community Center project don’t belong to the main stream, but they will always serve as forerunners that lead Chinese architecture forward.
10
What are you working on now? What is in the pipeline for you?
你現(xiàn)在在做什么？未來(lái)的計(jì)劃是什么？
我們現(xiàn)在一直專注于對(duì)新材料的研究，以及現(xiàn)代建筑在結(jié)構(gòu)體系、建筑空間、形式表現(xiàn)等方面的真實(shí)感與統(tǒng)一性。中國(guó)市場(chǎng)拋給我們?cè)絹?lái)越多的“集成化、多領(lǐng)域、寬范圍”的設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)，我們?cè)谔接懖⒅匦掳l(fā)掘如何將中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)木構(gòu)文化與現(xiàn)代木構(gòu)的結(jié)合，利用有機(jī)建筑將傳統(tǒng)文脈轉(zhuǎn)化為結(jié)構(gòu)形式，將它們?nèi)诵曰?，賦予它們以新鮮活力，以期達(dá)到傳統(tǒng)文化深層次的延續(xù)。
Challenge Design keeps its focus on research into new materials and the study of how to help modern architecture achieve authenticity and uniformity in structure, space and style. As we receive more and more integrated, multi-domain and wide-ranging design tasks from the Chinese market, we begin to consider and try combining the traditional culture of wood structures with modern wood structures, converting traditional culture into a visible structure by virtue of organic architecture. We humanize such materials and inject life into them in the hope of carrying forward traditional Chinese culture on a deeper level.
△ 成執(zhí)設(shè)計(jì)創(chuàng)始人、總建筑師李杰先生
